earthquakes. 0000033429 00000 n 0000010002 00000 n earthquake - shaking and vibration of Earth's surface. surface wave? Why might the triangulation method not always produce an exact point (other than your measurement errors)? This worksheet focuses on using the p and s graph to find different variables. 0000001746 00000 n Describe the process of triangulation to locate an epicenter. Conclude the activity with a class discussion (and perhaps homework questions) to share ideas and answers, as described in the Assessment section. Another method of locating an earthquake is to use the P-wave arrival-time minus origin-time (P - O) interval instead of distance. There are two sets of data and maps to do this activity/ lab for than once. The farther away the epicenter is, the greater the difference . at that station. The moment magnitude scale (MMS) was developed in the 1970s as a modification of the Richter scale and is better for measuring big earthquakes but less good for small ones. Success is figuring out that the epicenter is just off the coast of Chile, where the three circles intersect. Travel-time graphDistance in Miles, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, seismogram. and S waves depends on the distance from the epicenter of the answer the following question. and S waves to travel any distance up to 3. Civil engineers, who design houses, apartment buildings, schools, skyscrapers, bridges, highways, tunnels, water treatment facilities, factories and other structures, may use this data to help them create safer structures that are less likely to sustain damage during earthquakes. How can you locate an earthquake's epicenter? Use the graph to answer the questions that follow. This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. different types of seismic waves. $8.25. The calculated distance from each seismometer to the earthquake is shown as a circle. These distances are determined using a travel-time curve, which is a graph of Pand S-wave arrival times (see Figure 13.11). 3. epicenter - the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus, or origin, of an earthquake. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale, Novak, Gary. 0000001533 00000 n A little under 30 seconds, maybe around 26 seconds. Share with Classes. 0000053998 00000 n Please answer the following questions using the earthquake video shake, shake, shake. Use this information to complete the following. For upper grades, have students work individually, do two of the three seismic area tutorials, and look up historical earthquakes to learn their magnitudes, and make data tables or graphs with this information. Geologists use seismic waves to locate an earthquake's epicenter. Take a few minutes to read the information on the left side of this page for the 2010 earthquake off the coast of central Chile. Learn from this informative and clear video.Brought you by award-winning Once each student has constructed his or her circle on the map, mark with an X, the epicenter of the earthquake. Moment magnitude scale. Use mathematical representations of phenomena or design solutions to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations. 0000002383 00000 n You will analyze the records and locate the earthquake using a method known 0000004060 00000 n The longer the time is between the P-and S-wave . 0000002094 00000 n Geology Labs On-Line, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA. Great-circle arcs are drawn on the globe using the distance of the earthquake to the station as a radius. "`B(R6sj [CX7p+s =#;~ `'kA The magnitude determination is based on seismic data. Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. minutes = 6 minutes. Read through the sections What Is Seismology and What Are Seismic Waves?, Where Do Earthquakes Happen?, and Why Do Earthquakes Happen? to answer the following questions: What is the difference between S and P waves? Seismograms As the drum rotated, the View Notes - Locating_an_epicenter_activity from SCIENCE Earth Scie at Toms River High North. Note the differences in 0000006011 00000 n Scientists use triangulation to find the epicenter of an earthquake. This section explains what earthquakes and faults are and what causes earthquakes. The nations most famous fault is the San Andreas Fault, which runs along a north-south trend in southern California, and happens to run directly through Los Angeles. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program is part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), established by Congress in 1977, and the USGS Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) was established by Congress as a NEHRP facility. E}g7$i(=K)"aj%v]vPcYloi@X3noGX{[XucOgkdF.>Ym^fwrQf;8_Nok3w\;?n_Hhc?>k\o[%DgwJ'3d.lTqDy_aJw! 13 4 locating an earthquake epicenter geosciences libretexts . The arrival of seismic waves will be recognized by an increase in amplitude look for a pattern change as lines get taller and more closely spaced (ex. consider a seismograph stationed 3, If you complete all the problems, you should be able to: Identify P, S, and surface waves on a simple seismogram. Short for "secondary wave" or "shear wave." 87 0 obj <> endobj xref 87 28 0000000016 00000 n H\0y =Cv :~4yrXP 62{_,*Uq/O-oUNBr-$y~:G},#3e^CS6U*_zVGY7ZNUWk2f?? {%!,"{u5E&OOqA_"/uxn-kx+Vz*EQb)Q 6. 0000001777 00000 n While earthquake locations are normally done with a computer that can quickly determine the paths of seismic waves through the Earth to many seismic stations, 15 Introduction to Geology Chapter Worksheet . Have students turn in their answers for the Explain portion of the worksheet. Find 23 millimeters on the right side of the chart and mark that point. The Earthquakes Living Lab gives students the chance to track earthquakes across the planet and examine where, why and how they are occurring. 0000005081 00000 n Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. HTn0MmcHCB Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab - Triangulation sheet for students and/or teachers to use (Slide 6), and answer key (Slide 7). Earthquake Location 2 Using the skills that you acquired in the picking P and S arrivals, you can now locate an earthquake using real seismic records. 9 - directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. For lower grades, just introduce the concepts of triangulation and the magnitude scale; a thorough understanding of P and S waves is not vital. 11 minutes elapsed between the first P wave and the last measurable surface wave. If a quake is far from the seismograph, the P-waves arrive long before the S-waves. How might they use this information? Focus. When the tension becomes too great, the fault slips, causing an earthquake. In Figure 13.9, there is an example seismogram from a station that includes a minor earthquake. This opens a new window to Michigan Techs UPSeis informational site about earthquakes and seismology. The vertical lines, spaced one Then from the same recordings they determine the earthquake's magnitude, an estimate of the amount of energy released during the earthquake. Triangulation is required to determine exactly where it happened. (Source: USGS, Wikipedia). Scientists and engineers around the globe gather data through observation and experimentation and use it to describe and understand how the world works. 0000001396 00000 n What data is used to determine magnitude? Specifically, seismographs make recordings (seismograms) of the seismic waves generated from earthquakes, providing engineers and other researchers with data that they use to make predictions about future earthquakes. Several thousand seismographs exist at locations around the planet, continuously measuring abnormalities in the Earth's movement. /g$=#!$EbBbhD!,x so^6Uc})\uJs=fyY}j'|YjTm8B_[}*Ovm\[J'.mu?lQg,wzJM^X&P w>-T%*h%J4 yB@VPmP]@D------------,2dfY$"A!ANAASi)4$dniiiinH% Gxt5DJ) )9RRr$II'y ??O's^3@[{*{VT?nsNS!ilq]mFO?? HTn {0,`K6}(J6]&Q^"!q57y_VQ9fp3/?Mc=KGsrrt:c\$Lh`4}>C>`qcSj0[YpZ_Su(322/N Z./$E )H %C[5ph[BUyGh7|!XPQiDjJ(|BNvylk+g;9G(#Aby>Jcf`XmnwtDD+;Z^I&Sb-4!7oi` L7 endstream endobj 78 0 obj <> endobj 79 0 obj <>stream The real-world earthquake data is viewable via a graphical interface using a scaling map. The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. Overhead transparency of each of the handouts, Overhead projector (contact classroom teacher about this) and screen, Optional: overhead transparency or PowerPoint of, What do you know about the causes and impacts of Earthquakes? Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation and make claims about specific causes and effects. Earth and Space, Physical Science, A process called triangulation uses seismic data from three locations to identify the epicenter of an earthquake.copyrightCopyright USGS http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php. Fill Locating The Epicenter Of An Earthquake Worksheet Answers, Edit online. Therefore, the lag Three seismographs are needed. 0000001893 00000 n Step 1: ans- d) 65 seconds Ste . How does the lag time change as you get farther and locate and label the epicenter of the earthquake on this map. Do you agree with this alignment? 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Quick Tips. Focal Depth. To complete the activity, some prior . Key Facts & Information. X!.43p2t!}SLx-3z.KN4X+H\+vk? Divide the class into student pairs, and have them assemble at their computers with journals/paper and writing instruments. After reading about earthquakes, open a new window to an Earthquake Simulator at, Follow the simulation instructions. PDF. 0000007097 00000 n Entering the three maximum amplitudes generates a nomogram, a graphical device that simplifies the process of estimating magnitude from distance (determined earlier in the tutorial from the S-P interval process) and amplitude. Three seismographs are needed. (Source: USGS, Wikipedia). Sharing Information/Thinking Ahead: In the Evaluate section of the worksheet, student pairs are asked to compose answers to two questionswhether they think seismology is a reliable science and ways seismic data is useful for engineers. Describe what the "magnitude" of an earthquake is. Pwaves have the greatest velocity and reach the, seismic station first. Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! to the lag time measured at this location? (Figure 3):. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Virtual Earthquake (tutorial/simulation) 1996. How does the period of the P waves compare to the period of the surface waves? 0000003254 00000 n Earthquakes Living Lab: Finding Epicenters & Measuring Magnitudes. xb``d``Id`a`Ab@_ :iWGi>|q` 100 km 4.1 km/s 24.4 s; Finding the epicenter (continued) data table analyze and conclude answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 0000030504 00000 n The USGS now uses the MMS to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes. Section 8.1 What Is an Earthquake? What did it feel like? P wave: The first seismic wave of an earthquake. We additionally manage to pay for . THREE SEISMOGRAMS Seismogram A - New York, NY 1 minute 1. Looking at the nomogram, students click on each location data point to see where the three lines intersect to read the estimated magnitude. 0000002658 00000 n 0000008845 00000 n moment magnitude scale: Similar to the Richter scale, but replacing its use starting in the 1970s for more accuracy in measuring big earthquakes (magnitudes > 3.5) from greater distances. So the difference in the P- and S-wave arrival times determines the distance between the epicenter and a seismometer. Use Figure 5 and the travel-time graph in Figure 4 to determine . It travels faster than the same earthquake's S wave (almost double the speed) and is similar to sound waves. HtA1D41`s(GME$Ke*YdEOYf2-:r. The distance is in kilometers. Do limits exist on what science can predict? They use three seismographs in a process called triangulation to determine earthquake epicenters. S wave: The second seismic wave of an earthquake. In the U.S., earthquake measurements under the MMS (those of magnitude 3.5 or higher) are still commonly erroneously referred to by the general public and media as being on the Richter scale, due to more familiarity with the Richter scale. [*aiLG?+J\QI86~}ooRrr!pm}dk@dBbZPMZlC4C\9^ SM.R\!H+$|+DUzt^w{" %&{KXjT'9yzT^UFe:+f(`PU_9%EW@\)?i qp!\G Z endstream endobj 75 0 obj <>stream earthquake lab lab: locating the epicenters of earthquakes objective measurable learning outcomes use data from seismograms to locate the epicenters of Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Western Governors University Southern New Hampshire University Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. epicenter of an earthquake, how Earthquakes and Seismic Waves Key Concepts . 0000005544 00000 n Ask students what fault they think caused this earthquake. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Earthquakes occur along faults, which are cracks in the Earths crust that build tension. within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. The, amount of time that passes between the Pwave arrival and the Swave arrival is. All the arcs should intersect at a common point - the epicenter. The process is called triangulation. 0000002250 00000 n Use the process of triangulation to locate an earthquake's epicenter. ' endstream endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj [85 0 R] endobj 71 0 obj <> endobj 72 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream If you can't find an answer to your question, please contact us. 1. Success is figuring out that the estimated magnitude is 5.9. Question: ACTIVITY 2B Locating an Earthquake Figure 5 shows seismograms for the same earthquake recorded at three locations-New York; Nome, Alaska; and Mexico City. Activity 4: Locating an Earthquake Epicenter Examining Seismograms The three basic types of seismic wave generated by an earthquake at its focus are Pwaves, Swaves, and Surface waves. If a quake is near the seismograph, the S-waves arrive shortly after the P-waves. What types of engineers might use this data the most? 1) Identify the general term for waves released from an earthquake. Mark the first arrival of the swave on each seismogram. The period of P waves is shorter, than the period of surface waves. They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram.