https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market (20152020). Carlyle, R. L. Process for the production of acrylic acid esters. Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. and C.M.T. Liang, L. et al. and S.K. The G at each frequency describes an adhesives ability to dissipate energy. 99, 99106 (2015). Teikti paraik ia. Larger relative femalemale gaps were estimated for e65an increase of 16.3% in 2020 in Brazil and a 107% increase in 2020 in Amap. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). In quest of challenging role Operational excellence in specialty chemicals, pharmaceutical industry demonstrated success extremely reliable, collaborative; 16 + years associated with companies. Li, Q. et al. . Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19. Rahimi, A. To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. Demonstrativos de linhagens e genomas SARS-CoV-2. May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. Among the states, Amazonas lost approximately 60% for both sexes and 68% among males. J. Phys. These results demonstrate that solvent hydrophobicity improves conversion to the ester. Rev. We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). 4 0 obj First, we obtained mid-year population projections for 20182020 and abridged life tables estimated for 20002020 by state, age and sex from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica, or IBGE, in Portuguese) (https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html). After more than 195,000 lives were reported to have been lost in 2020 to COVID-19, no policy changes have appeared in 2021. Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). The initially heterogeneous reaction mixture becomes a homogeneous solution over time due to the chemical change from a superabsorbent gel-like substance into the soluble, linear polymer products. endobj To the extent that correction factors are approximately equal for 2019 and 2020, our estimates are not seriously affected by missing deaths. R. Soc. The Guardian. xUmo@G9*R*S[u#>RejBG4aSgcwy2+`p3CJ)i Nuzzo, J. Biochem. An accomplished and highly motivated senior ABAP Developer. Numbers above. Several environmental impact categories were examined, but particular attention was paid to the global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED). 24, 561564 (2021). Z., Sohail, N., Hayes, R. L. & Brooks, C. L. Overcoming challenging substituent perturbations with multisite -dynamics: A case study targeting -secretase 1. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. (Carl Hanser Verlag 2012). Polym. Collias, D. I. et al. We performed all demographic analyses in Microsoft Excel version 16.44 and data cleaning and processing in Stata version 15.1 (Stata Corporation) and R version 4.0.0 (2020). Moreover, mechanical recycling cannot be used with polymers that do not reversibly melt (e.g., crosslinked polymers). hypno youtube. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Overall health conditions of individuals with diabetes worsened in 2020 due to reduced physical activity, postponement of medical appointments and interruption in regular drug treatment31. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. Here we report an open-loop recycling method for these materials that involves (i) decrosslinking via hydrolysis, (ii) an optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) functionalizing via Fischer esterification. Bars, organized by major regions, show changes for the states. While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. Buss, L. F. et al. As of 9 June 2021, COVID-19 has officially claimed more than 3.7 million lives worldwide, 48% of which were in the Americas. We created data visualizations in R, ArcMap version 10.8 (ESRI) and Adobe Illustrator CS6. {o"yQr8"2ioFq[V % ACS Sustain. Governors in that region imposed the most rigorous measures of physical distancing, in direct opposition to recommendations from the President14. Among states, Amazonas lost 60.4% of the improvements in e0 since 2000. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. The autonomous nature of this role allows for providers to own the patient's quality of care and allows for collaboration with attending physicians and other providers at the facility with the. To probe whether the hydrophobic side chains also push the equilibrium towards esterification, atomistic simulations were used (Supplementary Information pgs S27S29)46,47. In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. endobj 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Methods), with a larger drop for males (1.57 years) than females (0.95 years). A much higher loss was estimated for e65: 29% for both sexes in Brazil (Supplementary Table 9). and M.T.R. (In contrast to this assumption, the potential dependence between COVID-19 and other causes might lead to modified probabilities of dying from other causes if COVID-19 were eliminated or added as a cause of death.) Based on the total number of deaths reported in Brazil in 2019 and 2020, we constructed period life tables and calculated the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 by state and sex (Methods). The authors declare no competing financial interests. Science 372, 815821 (2021). Here, chemical transformations are used to convert waste polymers into other value-added materials, delaying their entry into the waste stream. Slider with three articles shown per slide. For comparison, we also evaluated the hydrolysis using 0.8M aq. Decrosslinking has been reported using ozonolysis16, though not for the purposes of mechanical recycling. Next, undecanoic acid was esterified under the same conditions, yielding 100% ester for 2-ethylhexanol/water and 85% for ethanol/water. The evergreen broadleaved shrubs were shorter in height (3.06 0.99 m) than palm-leaved life forms (19.29 5.39 m). Although durability and strength are advantages of synthetic polymers, these properties are also responsible for their environmental persistence4,5,6. sub-programme "Nature and Biodiversity". Before COVID-19, e0 in Brazil lagged behind many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas. Semin. Article Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma (I) Everyone involved in adoptionbirthparents, adoptive parents, adoptees, adoption professionals, and beyonddeserves support when they need it. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). sub-programme "Transition to clean energy". and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. Phillips, T. Brazil begins parliamentary inquiry into Bolsonaros Covid response. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to COVID-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Nature Governance ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Types of action LIFE Project Grants Deadline model single-stage Opening date 13 July 2021 Deadline date 30 November 2021 17:00:00 Brussels time Projetos SNAP (os chamados projetos integrados no anterior Regulamento, mas agora especficos Several routes for converting the polyacrylic acid into a polyacrylate were compared. One of the pitfalls of diaper recycling pilots is the low demand for recovered diaper materials, which depreciates the environmental potentiality of such endeavors14. 2 Topics under the 2021 call 1. Most consumer PSA-based products are found in either quadrant 3 or the central region (e.g., office tape, sticky notes, bandages, and removable labels), which is signified by low-to-medium G and G. Chem. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Globally, there have been significant efforts towards recycling the components of diapers28. a, Change (in years) in the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. Applicants wishing to apply for more than one topic, must submit a separate proposal under each topic. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). 6, 35893595 (2018). U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). <> This compromised screening for cancer, with a reduction of about 35% in new diagnoses28. Raber, D. J. et al. Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the computer software industry. Caruso, M. M. et al. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. y?UT=*b!k jV/d=ucKW|8pJ{XCz"Xb3lhUY?|4~'"nj(\9c XP9@p*;+dw. volume27,pages 16291635 (2021)Cite this article. As a consequence, there is an intrinsic, limiting molar mass for each polymer below which further chain scissions are unlikely to occur. We argue that, in the case of COVID-19 in Brazil, the rebound will not happen in 2021, and the pre-pandemic trajectory of annual gains in e0 will likely slow down. In Ullmans Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Hone, T. et al. Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis outperformed the base-mediated hydrolysis by a factor of 10 on both global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. Nat Med 27, 16291635 (2021). In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. ANDS is a $120M federally funded national infrastructure innovation project to exploit Australia's research data advantage. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. J. Polym. J. [:BiU{okw}weM~{zo=nR{=x"}C?V]nQi,"8(,|"}'Y77iY. Because the 2021 estimates are based on deaths that occurred in only a 4-month period, the magnitudes of declines are not directly comparable with those for 2020 using the DT19 method (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). We made the assumption of proportionality between forces of decrement from cause i (or all causes except i) and the force of decrement from all other causes combined8,45. Manag. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. In this work, we report a mild and efficient synthetic route for open-loop recycling the acrylic-based superabsorbent material used in diapers. 4074 https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes (IBGE, Coordenao de Geografia, 2016). Political and institutional perils of Brazils COVID-19 crisis. We demonstrate herein that our open-loop recycling approach to pressure-sensitive adhesives from superabsorbent polymers outcompetes the petroleum-derived syntheses on nearly every metric, including global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. A life cycle assessment demonstrates that the adhesives synthesized via this approach outcompete the same materials derived from petroleum feedstocks on nearly every metric, including carbon dioxide emissions and cumulative energy demand. The superstar forward is not taking anything for granted on her return to netball. Environ. Scope: :X"."o:XKw$0/vvDvXK We calculate three sets of estimates of life expectancy decline but argue that those based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020, which include all reported deaths in those 2 years, are the most defensible because they do not depend on accurate classification of cause of death, determination of whether the death was directly or indirectly due to COVID-19 or assumptions about independence among causes. 8,17). Chazovachii, P.T., Somers, M.J., Robo, M.T. Polym. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. and T.A. Jul 13, 2021 Nature Governance ID:LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Type of action: [object Object] Objective: To contribute to the protection of nature and biodiversityby: Supporting nature and biodiversity policy and legislation compliance assurance, and/or Prot. Int. To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. Fornof, A. R. et al. In both countries, the pandemic response in 2020 was disparate regionally, with lamentable national coordination3,4, resulting in a high and unequal mortality burden5,6. Estimates of period mortality rates require an estimate of the population exposed to the risk of dying. x:y*$J*e,=x QHM`zeF i(ED'*V[Xzd;KOtI102e2P\vto\jQ| Z Chem. Demography 43, 647657 (2006). In any recycling effort, it is essential that a life cycle assessment27 is performed to determine the energy and environmental costs. 2 0 obj LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE General Information Projects should fall under at least one of the two areas of intervention: Intervention area: "Space for Nature" Any project aimed at improving the condition of species or habitats through areabased conservation or restoration measures falls within the eligible scope of the intervention area . Waste Manag. Res. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. C.M.T. 26, 565581 (2000). Philos. 21, 12181230 (2016). Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. Jul 13, 2021 Nature and Biodiversity ID:LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Type of action: [object Object] Objective: To contribute to European Union objectives for the protection, maintenance and restoration of the Union's natural capital in its marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. (ed.) Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response (2021). These records, aggregated at the state level, are publicly available by date on the website (https://brasil.io/covid19/). )x"VzdHd&Ffb7kR KK i$M{;* af082!yvy!U"D)|Nei^*|C$Q,Ss$e*jX^/17E`i{dTS7EphB/jd- . Combined, these data indicate that open-loop recycling of the superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) to synthesize PSAs is both energetically and environmentally favorable compared to petroleum-derived syntheses in our assessment. The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analysis of supply and demand of hospital and ICU beds and mechanical ventilators under different scenarios. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. Adv. & Garca, J. M. Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production. PubMed Central For example, high degrees of esterification were observed via 1H NMR spectroscopy when using only 5 equiv. B Biol. 2U19AI089681-08). March 2, 2023 - 6:00AM. Rede PENSSAN. Upgrading of postconsumer absorbent hygiene products for bioethanol production. a, Ratio of COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021 (JanuaryApril) to those reported in 2020 (%). Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. We also estimated changes in e65 (Fig. The dataset provides the age and sex structure of hospitalized COVID-19 deaths, and frequent updates are made publicly available by the Ministry of Health (https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset). Andrasfay, T. & Goldman, N. Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. Sci. M.C.C. To obtain Rocha, R. et al. 4, 28912897 (2013). Pereira, A. K., Oliveira, M. S. & Sampaio, T. S. Heterogeneidades das polticas estaduais de distanciamento social diante da COVID-19: aspectos polticos e tcnico-administrativos. Degrad. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. S1). Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. 166, 108304 (2020). Acrylic acid and derivatives. The resulting chain-shortened PAAP&G fragments were then dialyzed to remove excess acid, lyophilized, and then ground into a powder. J. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf (2019). Catal. JAMA 324, 510513 (2020). Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript editing. 1 0 obj Rev. Sci. https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia (2020). For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. Il 13 luglio stato aperto il primo invito a presentare proposte nell'ambito del nuovo programma LIFE 2021-202 7, che comprende quattro sottoprogrammi: natura e biodiversit, economia circolare e qualit della vita, 4). Locations: Colorado; Nevada, Jersey City, NJ; New York City, NY; Ithaca, NY and Westchester County, NY. Clean. For example, the 1918 influenza pandemic was estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 712 years7.