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b. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. c. deindividuation. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. b. implicit prejudice. Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Which of the following statements is likely to be true of Bill? View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. b. the bystander effect. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . a. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others. 3. b. Turner, J. C. (1975). Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). Unit 23. b. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. This experiment best illustrated the impact of, The discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent is called, Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as the, We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. c. Conflict What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. b. prejudice. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. First, people are interested in understanding the intentions of others. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. c. deindividuation. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. c. outgroup bias. : Men are more intelligent. Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . The tendency to favor one's own . The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: b. Conformity But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . The tendency of people to believe that one gets what one deserves and deserves what one gets is called: In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received high ratings if participants were led to believe they were written by Black students rather than White students. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. a. more; less View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. Most people have a positive view of themselves. Social Sciences. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. skepticism. 29 terms. This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). python 3d scatter plot with labels; 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. Busca trabajos relacionados con All of the following are examples of measures of central tendency except o contrata en el mercado de freelancing ms grande del mundo con ms de 22m de trabajos. Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. d. aggression. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. d. deindividuation. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. Prejudice. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. Consequently, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. a. a dispositional attribution. Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). triangular theory of love. Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to favor one's own group is called: Selected Answer: Response Feedback: ingroup bias. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). One example of ratee bias is egocentric bias, which is best described as the tendency to: a. evaluate one; The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is: A) consistency. This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. attitude. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey. b. the mere exposure effect. What For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It pays the utility bill during July. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. This belief best illustrates: While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." that most people like women more than men. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. HLT. d. physical attractiveness. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: According to Gallup's polling . We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. Historical examples abound. Although the interviewer may not be blatantly biased, their automatic or implicit biases may be harmful to one of the applicants. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. 6. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Take the IAT. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. Consider the utility maximization problem, maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m\max x^a+y \quad \text { subject to } p x+y=m The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. D) GRIT. Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. just-world phenomenon Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. c. the social-responsibility norm. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. Basically, rumination . People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . 2. An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. This best illustrates: It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? ethnocentrism.d. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. Sons are more valued than daughters. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life.